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Sols 4475-4476: Even the Best-Laid Plans
Written by Deborah Padgett, OPGS Task Lead at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory Earth planning date: Friday, March 7, 2025 In Curiosity’s last plan, the team decided to drive toward a very interesting nodular rock. The rover team hoped to do…
NASA Continues BioNutrients Space-Fermented Food Research
NASA’s BioNutrients series of experiments is testing ways to use microorganisms to make nutrients that will be needed for human health during future long-duration deep space exploration missions. Some vital nutrients lack the shelf-life needed to span multi-year human missions,…
Human System Risk Board
Risk is inherent in human spaceflight. However, specific risks can and should be understood, managed, and mitigated to reduce threats posed to astronauts. Risk management in the context of human spaceflight can be viewed as a trade-based system. The relevant…
Risk to Vehicle Crew Egress Capability and Task Performance as Applied to Earth and Extraterrestrial Landings
New spacecraft that will transport crews to the Lunar and Martian surfaces and return them to Earth may have diverse landing modalities which will function in different landing environments. Additionally, the crew may be deconditioned on landing, impacting their ability…
Risk to Crew Health Due to Electrical Shock (Electrical Shock Risk)
It is important to protect humans from unintended electrical current flow during spaceflight. The thresholds for contact electrical shock are well established, and standards and requirements exist that minimize the probability of contact electrical shock. Current thresholds were chosen (vs.…
Risk of Urinary Retention
Exposure to the altered gravity in the spaceflight environment may cause physiological changes. One of these changes is the inability to completely empty the bladder or urinary retention. Causes of urinary retention in the early phases of flight include altered…
Risk of Toxic Substance Exposure
Safe, breathable air is essential for crew health. Human spaceflight has involved toxicological events ranging in severity from trivial to life-threatening. Toxic exposure to chemical contaminants can originate from environmental system leaks, payload leaks, pyrolysis of polymeric materials, off-gassing of…
Risk of Spaceflight Associated Neuro-ocular Syndrome (SANS Risk)
Exposure to altered gravity can cause ocular and brain structural changes to develop during spaceflight; these changes could lead to vision alterations, cognitive effects, or other deleterious health effects. SANS is a syndrome unique to humans that fly in space,…
Risk of Renal Stone Formation
Exposure to microgravity induces bone atrophy/bone loss which increases circulating calcium, impacting the renal stone risk. Risk mitigation strategies including exercise and hydration are well-defined although the ability to treat a renal stone during exploration missions is not yet available.…
Risk of Reduced Physical Performance Capabilities Due to Reduced Muscle Size, Strength, and Endurance (Muscle Risk)
Exposure to the microgravity environment causes muscle size, strength, and endurance to decline. Based on ISS data, if crew adhere to the exercise schedule and have access to adequate exercise countermeasure systems then on average, they return with minimal losses…
Risk of Reduced Physical Performance Capabilities Due to Reduced Aerobic Capacity (Aerobic Risk)
Spaceflight causes measures of maximum aerobic capacity to decline, which can result in impaired mission task performance. Based on ISS data, if crew adhere to existing exercise schedules and have access to adequate exercise countermeasure systems, then on average, they…
Risk of Reduced Crew Health and Performance Due to Hypoxia
Human exploration missions will require robust, flexible Extravehicular Activity (EVA) architecture protocols that include the use of a reduced-pressure cabin atmosphere enabling staged denitrogenation. Use of this atmosphere could result in compromised health and performance to the crewmember due to…
Risk of Radiation Carcinogenesis
Increased radiation exposure in the spaceflight environment outside of low-Earth orbit may contribute to an increased risk of developing cancer later in an astronaut’s life. Shielding is effective against some radiation exposure, such as solar particle events (SPE) but does…
Risk of Performance Decrements and Adverse Health Outcomes Resulting from Sleep Loss, Circadian Desynchronization, and Work Overload
Astronauts must maintain a high level of cognitive performance during every phase of the mission. Top-tier performance depends on acquiring an adequate quantity of daily sleep and the appropriate sleep quality. Previous spaceflight experience has shown that astronauts commonly experience…
Risk of Inadequate Food and Nutrition Causing Decrements in In-Mission Health and Performance and Long-term Health (Food and Nutrition Risk)
Nutrition has been critical in every era of exploration on Earth, from the time when scurvy plagued seafarers to the last century when polar explorers died from malnutrition or, in some cases, nutrient toxicities. The space food system must provide…
Risk of In-Mission Performance and Behavioral Health Decrements Due to Inadequate Cooperation, Coordination, Communication, and Psychosocial Adaptation within a Team (Team Risk)
Prolonged exposure to isolation and confinement may lead to inadequate functioning within a team. There is evidence of occasional conflict within crews preflight and in-flight, within and across International Space Station (ISS) partner subgroups. There is evidence of significant impacts…
Risk of Mission Impacts and Long-Term Health Issues due to Decompression Sickness
Moving from a higher to a lower pressure too quickly and without adequate denitrogenation can cause decompression sickness (DCS). Denitrogenation protocols (removing nitrogen from the body) are employed to minimize the formulation of gas emboli (bubbles) forming during an EVA.…
Risk of Mission Impacting Injury and Compromised Performance and Long-Term Health Effects due to EVA Operations (EVA Risk)
NASA-STD-3001: NASA Spaceflight Human-System Standard Vol 1: Crew Health and Vol 2: Human Factors, Habitability, and Environmental Health and NASA/SP-2010-3407, Human Integration Design Handbook (HIDH): suit life support and basic functionality; HIDH includes observed metabolic rates and human factors; no…
Risk of Ineffective or Toxic Medications During Long-Duration Exploration Spaceflight
In spaceflight, pharmaceuticals and medications are used for various purposes, namely medical treatment and countermeasures. The hazards of spaceflight lead to a host of factors that must be considered when choosing treatment options. Spaceflight factors and time to resupply can…
Risk of In-Mission Injury and Performance Decrements and Long-term Health Effects due to Dynamic Loads (Dynamic Loads Risk)
Standards and vehicle design requirements are based on automotive and military environments and operational protocols; they are also partially tailored to the spaceflight environment. However, these do not adequately mitigate the risk of injury due to the unique spaceflight environment. …
Risk of In Mission Impacts, Adverse Health Events or Long-Term Health Impacts due to Altered Immune Response (Immune Risk)
Exposure to the spaceflight environment has been shown to alter human immune function, but it is unclear at present if such alterations lead to increased susceptibility to disease. The reactivation of latent viruses has been documented in crewmembers and appears…
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